Chapter 1
What is aether?
A celestial element. A crystalline solid, pure and unalterable, transparent and weightless.
What are the planets and stars made of?
Aether
What is a crystalline sphere?
Made up of aether and these shells embodied in the physical mechanism the mathematical system of homocentric spheres.
Why does Aristotle think the Earth stands still?
Because the Earth, the heavy element would move naturally into a sphere at the geometric center of the universe.
What is the Aristotelian universe?
The entire universe was contained within the sphere of the stars, within the outer surface of the sphere. At every point inside the sphere there was matter, outside of it there was nothing. The world in it's entirety is made up of the whole sum of available matter.
Self contained and self sufficient.
Why did Copernicus fail to design an essentially Aristotelian universe?
Because it was said that the earth to be immobile.
Why was innovation difficult for an Aristotelian to accept?
Because they suggested that the earth was a planet located or that it was located away from the center of the universe.
Why did the Aristotelian conception of the universe not survive the modification that made Earth a planet?
Due to the fact that the concept of a unique central earth was interwoven with so many other important concepts within the fabric of Aristotelian thought.
What is the role of the elements in the Aristotelian structure of the universe?
The elements would in the absence of any external pushes and pulls upon them, settle into a series of four concentric shells like the aetherical spheres of the fifth element surrounding them.
The Aristotelian Laws of Motion
What is Aristotle's proof that the Earth is a sphere?
The senses and observation of the stars.
According to Aristotle, why is Earth at the center of the universe?
Because the natural motion of the earth is towards the center of the universe. The earth and the universe have the same center.
What is the Aristotelian explanation for terrestrial motion?
A greater mass must always drive on a smaller mass in front of it, if the inclination of both it is to go as far as the center, and the impulsion of the less heavy by the heavier persists in that point.
What is Aristotle's objection to the movement of the Earth?
If we throw something it will fall on the center, because the Earth is in the center of the universe.
The Aristotelian Plenum
What is Horror Vacui?
The ancient conception of the fullest of the universe. Nature's abhorence of a vaccum.
Why can't a vacuum exist?
Space can be defined only in terms of the volume occupied by the body. In the absence of material body there is nothing in terms of which to define space, it cannot exist by itself at all. Matter and space are inseparable
How could an infinite universe scarcely remain an Aristotelian universe?
There is no center because it is infinite, no one can know up to where it reaches.
What is a plenum?
Is implicated in pneumatics, the endurance of motion, the finitude of space, the laws of motions, the uniqueness of the earth. It simply fits into a coherent pattern in which the unique, central and immobile earth is a second essential strand.
Why didn't the principle of horror vacui survive?
Space has to have volume and matter. In all space there is matter.
A celestial element. A crystalline solid, pure and unalterable, transparent and weightless.
What are the planets and stars made of?
Aether
What is a crystalline sphere?
Made up of aether and these shells embodied in the physical mechanism the mathematical system of homocentric spheres.
Why does Aristotle think the Earth stands still?
Because the Earth, the heavy element would move naturally into a sphere at the geometric center of the universe.
What is the Aristotelian universe?
The entire universe was contained within the sphere of the stars, within the outer surface of the sphere. At every point inside the sphere there was matter, outside of it there was nothing. The world in it's entirety is made up of the whole sum of available matter.
Self contained and self sufficient.
Why did Copernicus fail to design an essentially Aristotelian universe?
Because it was said that the earth to be immobile.
Why was innovation difficult for an Aristotelian to accept?
Because they suggested that the earth was a planet located or that it was located away from the center of the universe.
Why did the Aristotelian conception of the universe not survive the modification that made Earth a planet?
Due to the fact that the concept of a unique central earth was interwoven with so many other important concepts within the fabric of Aristotelian thought.
What is the role of the elements in the Aristotelian structure of the universe?
The elements would in the absence of any external pushes and pulls upon them, settle into a series of four concentric shells like the aetherical spheres of the fifth element surrounding them.
The Aristotelian Laws of Motion
What is Aristotle's proof that the Earth is a sphere?
The senses and observation of the stars.
According to Aristotle, why is Earth at the center of the universe?
Because the natural motion of the earth is towards the center of the universe. The earth and the universe have the same center.
What is the Aristotelian explanation for terrestrial motion?
A greater mass must always drive on a smaller mass in front of it, if the inclination of both it is to go as far as the center, and the impulsion of the less heavy by the heavier persists in that point.
What is Aristotle's objection to the movement of the Earth?
If we throw something it will fall on the center, because the Earth is in the center of the universe.
The Aristotelian Plenum
What is Horror Vacui?
The ancient conception of the fullest of the universe. Nature's abhorence of a vaccum.
Why can't a vacuum exist?
Space can be defined only in terms of the volume occupied by the body. In the absence of material body there is nothing in terms of which to define space, it cannot exist by itself at all. Matter and space are inseparable
How could an infinite universe scarcely remain an Aristotelian universe?
There is no center because it is infinite, no one can know up to where it reaches.
What is a plenum?
Is implicated in pneumatics, the endurance of motion, the finitude of space, the laws of motions, the uniqueness of the earth. It simply fits into a coherent pattern in which the unique, central and immobile earth is a second essential strand.
Why didn't the principle of horror vacui survive?
Space has to have volume and matter. In all space there is matter.
Chapter 2
One thing that resembles the planets we have now is that the planets in the 2 sphere universe is that they have a certain motion, but this one was around the ecliptic and around the Earth.
Planets moved eastward through the constellations, this was considered the “normal” motion. But we now know that planets don't move at uniform rates.
All of the planets (except the moon and the sun) are interrupted by brief intervals of westward or “retrograde” motion.
“The problem of the planets became simply that of explaining and the observed deviation from average motion through the stars in terms of a corresponding deviation of each planet from its singular orbit.”
Ptolemy was the first to put together a set of compounded circles to account for the observed quantitative regularities in the motions of all 7 planets.
Then the problem of the planets became a problem of design. None of the theories mathed the observations that had been made. The planets were the greatest problem.
What is more amazing is the amount of time scientist and everybody believed that was the correct explanation, it took them 1800 years to realize they were rong change theories.
The logical structure of a scientific revolution:“A conceptual scheme, believed because it is economical, fruitful and cosmologically satisfying, finally leads to results that are incompatible with observation; belief must then be surrendered and a new theory adopted; after this the process starts again.”
It was very cool the dynamic we did for the second chapter of Copernican Revolution: The problem with the planets, and we got to the core of what Khun was saying. We separated into two groups and we had to give an explanation of the chapter but we rather preferred to act out the representation of the problems they were facing at the time. Such as that they saw the retrogression of the planets and that sometimes they were brighter than other days. This observations lead to the discovery of many other theories which little by little came closer to the heliocentric theory we believe in now.
Planets moved eastward through the constellations, this was considered the “normal” motion. But we now know that planets don't move at uniform rates.
All of the planets (except the moon and the sun) are interrupted by brief intervals of westward or “retrograde” motion.
“The problem of the planets became simply that of explaining and the observed deviation from average motion through the stars in terms of a corresponding deviation of each planet from its singular orbit.”
Ptolemy was the first to put together a set of compounded circles to account for the observed quantitative regularities in the motions of all 7 planets.
Then the problem of the planets became a problem of design. None of the theories mathed the observations that had been made. The planets were the greatest problem.
What is more amazing is the amount of time scientist and everybody believed that was the correct explanation, it took them 1800 years to realize they were rong change theories.
The logical structure of a scientific revolution:“A conceptual scheme, believed because it is economical, fruitful and cosmologically satisfying, finally leads to results that are incompatible with observation; belief must then be surrendered and a new theory adopted; after this the process starts again.”
It was very cool the dynamic we did for the second chapter of Copernican Revolution: The problem with the planets, and we got to the core of what Khun was saying. We separated into two groups and we had to give an explanation of the chapter but we rather preferred to act out the representation of the problems they were facing at the time. Such as that they saw the retrogression of the planets and that sometimes they were brighter than other days. This observations lead to the discovery of many other theories which little by little came closer to the heliocentric theory we believe in now.
Chapter 3
The Aristotelian universe:
All was contained within the sphere of the stars and there was absolutely nothing outside the sphere, not even space.
Self-contained and self-sufficient.
The largest part of the interior of the universe is filled with one element, the aether, which is pure and unalterable, transparent and weightless. (planets and stars are made from this)
Terrestrial elements: earth, water, fire and air.
Earth did not move.
All of the elements try to reach back to their natural positions: earthly materials try to reach back to the ground and fire tries to reach back to the sky.The Earth and the universe have the same center.
Earth is spherical because of the stars and the eclipses of the moon.
Central position of the Earth, perfect symmetry of the spheres generate both the stellar and planetary motions.
Terrestrial region: man lives in the variety of change, birth and death generation and corruption.
Celestial region: eternal and changeless
aether: uppermost region "runs always"
Judicial astrology: predicted the future of men from the stars
The natural astrology says that: “We like to forget that many of the concepts in which we believe were painfully drummed into us in our youth.” “We too easily take them as natural and indubitable products of our own unaided perceptions, dismissing concepts different from our own as errors, rooted in ignorance or stupidity and perpetuated by blind obedience to authority."
All was contained within the sphere of the stars and there was absolutely nothing outside the sphere, not even space.
Self-contained and self-sufficient.
The largest part of the interior of the universe is filled with one element, the aether, which is pure and unalterable, transparent and weightless. (planets and stars are made from this)
Terrestrial elements: earth, water, fire and air.
Earth did not move.
All of the elements try to reach back to their natural positions: earthly materials try to reach back to the ground and fire tries to reach back to the sky.The Earth and the universe have the same center.
Earth is spherical because of the stars and the eclipses of the moon.
Central position of the Earth, perfect symmetry of the spheres generate both the stellar and planetary motions.
Terrestrial region: man lives in the variety of change, birth and death generation and corruption.
Celestial region: eternal and changeless
aether: uppermost region "runs always"
Judicial astrology: predicted the future of men from the stars
The natural astrology says that: “We like to forget that many of the concepts in which we believe were painfully drummed into us in our youth.” “We too easily take them as natural and indubitable products of our own unaided perceptions, dismissing concepts different from our own as errors, rooted in ignorance or stupidity and perpetuated by blind obedience to authority."
Chapter 4
“Though science played a large part in the thought of the later middle ages, the dominant intellectual forces were theological, and the practice of science in a theological milieu shifted both the strengths and weaknesses of the scientific tradition.”
The Islamic civilization took all the power when Christendom was falling, which later recovered all the Greek work through translations of Arabic. This kept growing and when Europe gained power they used these texts to teach at the universities.
The church was antiscientific, and that created a polemic in the advance in astronomy and created a retrogression in the mentality of the epoch.
Moon was considered a planet. Circulos con centros (8 esferas) uno dentro de la otra.
Luna, tierra, mercurio venus, sol, marte, jupiter, saturno, earth, air, fire.
Fuego: elemento de las estrellas.
Busqueda cosmologica con especulacion filosofica- Aristoteles
Busqueda de astronomia con observación hacia el cielo con calculos matermaticos.
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
The dialogue started by asking how the approach would be, it would be nice if we all come to the dialogue with a plan or a an opinion on how the dialogue Could go.
Copernican was a mathematical expert, so people read his books because of it and ignored the theories of the solar system he had.
Intellectual climate aroused the mentality of the people in the time.
His contributions were observations. Mistakes were happening in a mathematical level, with the observation we found answers.
Chacho has a very good rhetoric, and he looks at the text more broad not just specific facts.
Was it really theory that helped us or the catalyst,
Instruments of catalyst helped us take next steps or the theory took next steps. Telescope as origin or telescope as punch line.
Copernican was a mathematical expert, so people read his books because of it and ignored the theories of the solar system he had.
Intellectual climate aroused the mentality of the people in the time.
His contributions were observations. Mistakes were happening in a mathematical level, with the observation we found answers.
Chacho has a very good rhetoric, and he looks at the text more broad not just specific facts.
Was it really theory that helped us or the catalyst,
Instruments of catalyst helped us take next steps or the theory took next steps. Telescope as origin or telescope as punch line.