Chapter 1-3
Chapter 1-3
The Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals
Diastole: expansion
Systole: contraction
It was thought before that the object of the pulse was the same as that of respiration, conceived to depend on the animal and the respiration on the vital faculty.
Arteries in their diastole take air into their cavities, and in their systole emit fuliginous vapours by the same pores of the flesh and skin.
How is it possible that air should penetrate to the deeper parts as freely and quickly through the skin, flesh, and other structures, as through the cuticle alone?
Pulsation of the arteries fan and refrigerate the several parts of the body as the lungs do the heart?
The heart is the workshop of the spirits, and the arteries contain and transmit them,
Blood carried by arteries and veins are the same
Galen- both the pulsative property extends from the heart by the walls of the arteries, and that the arteries, whilst they dilate, are filled by that pulsific force, because they expand like bellows
Vivisections: means of discovering the motion and uses of the heart.
In the pause, as in death, the heart is soft, flaccid, exhausted, lying, as it were, at rest
When it moves, becomes of a paler color, when quiescent of a deeper blood red color.
The motion of the heart consists in a certain universal tension- both contraction in the live of its fibres, and constriction in every sense. It becomes erect, hard and of diminished size during its action,
Heart contracts- systole, arteries dilated, when yield a pulse, state of diastole
When heart becomes tense and contracted, the blood flow with force from the divided vessel.
The pulses of the arteries are due to the impulses of the blood from the left ventricle
The stroke and the motion occur at both extremities at the same time.
The veins pulsate together and by successive strokes, because they all depend upon the heart, always in motion, always moving together, but by successive movements.
When the motion of the blood through the arteries is impeded, compression, interception, the divisions of the arteries beat less forcibly. The pulse of the arteries is nothing more than the impulse or shock of the blood in these vessels.
Before it was thought it was expanded that’s why the heart beat, but it is because of contraction
The Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals
Diastole: expansion
Systole: contraction
It was thought before that the object of the pulse was the same as that of respiration, conceived to depend on the animal and the respiration on the vital faculty.
Arteries in their diastole take air into their cavities, and in their systole emit fuliginous vapours by the same pores of the flesh and skin.
How is it possible that air should penetrate to the deeper parts as freely and quickly through the skin, flesh, and other structures, as through the cuticle alone?
Pulsation of the arteries fan and refrigerate the several parts of the body as the lungs do the heart?
The heart is the workshop of the spirits, and the arteries contain and transmit them,
Blood carried by arteries and veins are the same
Galen- both the pulsative property extends from the heart by the walls of the arteries, and that the arteries, whilst they dilate, are filled by that pulsific force, because they expand like bellows
Vivisections: means of discovering the motion and uses of the heart.
In the pause, as in death, the heart is soft, flaccid, exhausted, lying, as it were, at rest
When it moves, becomes of a paler color, when quiescent of a deeper blood red color.
The motion of the heart consists in a certain universal tension- both contraction in the live of its fibres, and constriction in every sense. It becomes erect, hard and of diminished size during its action,
Heart contracts- systole, arteries dilated, when yield a pulse, state of diastole
When heart becomes tense and contracted, the blood flow with force from the divided vessel.
The pulses of the arteries are due to the impulses of the blood from the left ventricle
The stroke and the motion occur at both extremities at the same time.
The veins pulsate together and by successive strokes, because they all depend upon the heart, always in motion, always moving together, but by successive movements.
When the motion of the blood through the arteries is impeded, compression, interception, the divisions of the arteries beat less forcibly. The pulse of the arteries is nothing more than the impulse or shock of the blood in these vessels.
Before it was thought it was expanded that’s why the heart beat, but it is because of contraction
Chapter 4
Two auricles move together as well as the two ventricles.
Places be four, times are only two.
1. auricles
2. ventricles
not taking place simultaneously
motion of auricles preceding, that of the heart following. The motion begins from the auricles, and to extend to the ventricles.
The blood by the pulse of the auricles is thrown away to the ventricles
Heart and arteries are inversed action, syastole, diastole, left ventricle is in systole when the right is in the diastole
The heart pulsates sooner than the auricles.
The left ventricles ceases to pulsate first of all, then the auricle, next the right ventricle and finally all the other parts being at rest and dead
Right auricle continues to beat.
Pulses of the ventricles are felt in the arteries,
Blood enters the ventricles, not by any attraction or dilatation of the heart, but by being thrown into them by the pulses of the auricles
Auricles contract- the heart itself contracts
When contracted, the auricles seem to become whiter.
Frogs have single ventricle, and an auricle that have a kind of bladder with blood
The heart of other higher animals pulsates without auricles, even cut into pieces they are seen to be contracted or relaxing.
Saliva upon the heart it recovered new strength and life.
Has not the blood itself or spirit an obscure palpitation inherent in it, which it has even appeared to me to retain after death?
Are we allowed to say that life begins with the palpitation or beating of the heart
And ends where? The stop of the heart?
Seminal fluid of all animals- the prolific spirit.
Animal generation proceeds from that which is not animal?
Plant-animals in winter like the snail live in a manner of vegerables, showing no pulsation
An animal that have heart also have auricles or something analogous to it, whenever the heart has a double ventricle, there are always two auricles pre sent.
Betwixt: being and not being, it gave by its pulses a kind of representation of the commencement of life.
Places be four, times are only two.
1. auricles
2. ventricles
not taking place simultaneously
motion of auricles preceding, that of the heart following. The motion begins from the auricles, and to extend to the ventricles.
The blood by the pulse of the auricles is thrown away to the ventricles
Heart and arteries are inversed action, syastole, diastole, left ventricle is in systole when the right is in the diastole
The heart pulsates sooner than the auricles.
The left ventricles ceases to pulsate first of all, then the auricle, next the right ventricle and finally all the other parts being at rest and dead
Right auricle continues to beat.
Pulses of the ventricles are felt in the arteries,
Blood enters the ventricles, not by any attraction or dilatation of the heart, but by being thrown into them by the pulses of the auricles
Auricles contract- the heart itself contracts
When contracted, the auricles seem to become whiter.
Frogs have single ventricle, and an auricle that have a kind of bladder with blood
The heart of other higher animals pulsates without auricles, even cut into pieces they are seen to be contracted or relaxing.
Saliva upon the heart it recovered new strength and life.
Has not the blood itself or spirit an obscure palpitation inherent in it, which it has even appeared to me to retain after death?
Are we allowed to say that life begins with the palpitation or beating of the heart
And ends where? The stop of the heart?
Seminal fluid of all animals- the prolific spirit.
Animal generation proceeds from that which is not animal?
Plant-animals in winter like the snail live in a manner of vegerables, showing no pulsation
An animal that have heart also have auricles or something analogous to it, whenever the heart has a double ventricle, there are always two auricles pre sent.
Betwixt: being and not being, it gave by its pulses a kind of representation of the commencement of life.
Chapter 5
Auricle contracts, forces the blood into the ventricle, when filled, the heart raises itself straightway, makes all its fibres tense, contracts ventricles, and performs a beat, by which it sends the blood supplied to it by the auricle into the arteries.
The right ventricles sends its charge into the lungs by the vessel which is called vena arteriosa, artery. The left ventricle sends its charge into the aorta, and through this by the arteries to the body at large.
Harmony and rhythm preserved between them.
The action of the heart is the transmission of the blood and its distribution, by means of arteries, to the very extremities of the body, pulse of arteries = impulse of the blood derived from the heart
I am just not proceesing the idea that the heart is the commencement of life? And still it can be pulsating and contracting even if it is removed from the body
How would you know that the organs are dead if the heart is still beating?
What is in the blood that sends life to other organs in the body?
What does it mean a heart to live?
What does it mean the whole to be alive?
Intellect alive?
Why is the heart so important to study it?
Tradition
Where does life starts end
The right ventricles sends its charge into the lungs by the vessel which is called vena arteriosa, artery. The left ventricle sends its charge into the aorta, and through this by the arteries to the body at large.
Harmony and rhythm preserved between them.
The action of the heart is the transmission of the blood and its distribution, by means of arteries, to the very extremities of the body, pulse of arteries = impulse of the blood derived from the heart
I am just not proceesing the idea that the heart is the commencement of life? And still it can be pulsating and contracting even if it is removed from the body
How would you know that the organs are dead if the heart is still beating?
What is in the blood that sends life to other organs in the body?
What does it mean a heart to live?
What does it mean the whole to be alive?
Intellect alive?
Why is the heart so important to study it?
Tradition
Where does life starts end
Chapter 6
Fishes have a single ventricle, and no lungs
Sac forces the blood into the heart,
Single ventricle from the heart= toads, frogs, serpents and lizards, have lungs as they have voice
How does the blood pass from the veins to the arteries?
By the action of the heart.
4 vessels:
vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta
lateral anastomosis: an ample foramen, of an oval form, communicating between the cava and the pulmonary vein, so that the blood is free to flow in the greatest abundance by that foramen from the vena cava into the pulmonary vein, and left auricle, and from thence into the left ventricle.
Arterial canal doesn’t have a valve to direct or impede the flow of the blood in this or that direction
Semilunar valves they prevent all regurgation from the aorta back upon the right ventricle.
When the heart contracts, the blood is regularly propelled by the canal or passage indicated from the right ventricle into the aorta
They exist for the nutrition of the lungs,
The heart by its motion propels the blood by open passages from the vena cava into the aorta, through the cavities of both the ventricles, the right one receiving the blood from the auricle, and propelling git into the pulmonary artery and so on, ductus aertiriosus, into the aorta- left charged by the contraction of its auricle, and projecting the blood through the root of the aorta into the trunk of that vessel.
No lungs, or lungs in disuse- nature uses the two venticles of the heart as if they formed but one for the transmission of blood.
*nature always does that which is best
she open up no new apparent channels for the passages of the blood, but she even shuts up those which formerly existed
end of the lung: blood tempered by the air that is inspired and prevented from boiling up.
necessity of air
the more perfect and warmer adult animal, the blood passes from the right ventricle of the heart by the pulmonary artery, into the lungs, and thence by the pulmonary veins into the left auricle, and from there into the left ventricle of the heart.
Sac forces the blood into the heart,
Single ventricle from the heart= toads, frogs, serpents and lizards, have lungs as they have voice
How does the blood pass from the veins to the arteries?
By the action of the heart.
4 vessels:
vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta
lateral anastomosis: an ample foramen, of an oval form, communicating between the cava and the pulmonary vein, so that the blood is free to flow in the greatest abundance by that foramen from the vena cava into the pulmonary vein, and left auricle, and from thence into the left ventricle.
Arterial canal doesn’t have a valve to direct or impede the flow of the blood in this or that direction
Semilunar valves they prevent all regurgation from the aorta back upon the right ventricle.
When the heart contracts, the blood is regularly propelled by the canal or passage indicated from the right ventricle into the aorta
They exist for the nutrition of the lungs,
The heart by its motion propels the blood by open passages from the vena cava into the aorta, through the cavities of both the ventricles, the right one receiving the blood from the auricle, and propelling git into the pulmonary artery and so on, ductus aertiriosus, into the aorta- left charged by the contraction of its auricle, and projecting the blood through the root of the aorta into the trunk of that vessel.
No lungs, or lungs in disuse- nature uses the two venticles of the heart as if they formed but one for the transmission of blood.
*nature always does that which is best
she open up no new apparent channels for the passages of the blood, but she even shuts up those which formerly existed
end of the lung: blood tempered by the air that is inspired and prevented from boiling up.
necessity of air
the more perfect and warmer adult animal, the blood passes from the right ventricle of the heart by the pulmonary artery, into the lungs, and thence by the pulmonary veins into the left auricle, and from there into the left ventricle of the heart.
Chapter 7
In the liver there is no forcing, in the lungs the blood is forced on by the pulse of the right ventricle,
Only may the blood be transmitted from the pulmonary artery into he pulmonary veins, then into the left ventricle of the heart, and from thence into the arteries of the body, but that this is effected by the ceaseless pulsation of the heart and the motion of the lungs in breathing
Valves: have a common use, that is to prevent regurgitation or backward motion:
1. the one set drawing matter from the heart, and preventing their return
2. the other drawing matter into the heart, and preventing their escapes from it.
Right ventricle is made for the sake of the lungs, and for the transmission of the blood through them,
Only may the blood be transmitted from the pulmonary artery into he pulmonary veins, then into the left ventricle of the heart, and from thence into the arteries of the body, but that this is effected by the ceaseless pulsation of the heart and the motion of the lungs in breathing
Valves: have a common use, that is to prevent regurgitation or backward motion:
1. the one set drawing matter from the heart, and preventing their return
2. the other drawing matter into the heart, and preventing their escapes from it.
Right ventricle is made for the sake of the lungs, and for the transmission of the blood through them,
Chapter 8
Still the die is cast, and my trust is in my love of truth and the candour of cultivated minds.
For nature doing nothing in vain, would never have given them so large a relative size without a purpose
Motion, as it were, in a circle.
The heart is the beginning of life. The sun of the microcosm, the heart of the world, for it is the heart by whose virtue and pulse the blood is moved, perfected, and made nutrient, and is preserved from corruption and coagulation, it is the household divinity which, discharging its function, nourishes, cherishes, quickens the whole body, and is indeed the foundation of life, the source of all action.
The vein does not differ from the artery in the thickness of its walls, but solely in virtue of their distinct functions and uses.
For nature doing nothing in vain, would never have given them so large a relative size without a purpose
Motion, as it were, in a circle.
The heart is the beginning of life. The sun of the microcosm, the heart of the world, for it is the heart by whose virtue and pulse the blood is moved, perfected, and made nutrient, and is preserved from corruption and coagulation, it is the household divinity which, discharging its function, nourishes, cherishes, quickens the whole body, and is indeed the foundation of life, the source of all action.
The vein does not differ from the artery in the thickness of its walls, but solely in virtue of their distinct functions and uses.
Chapter 9
The blood is transmitted by the action of the heart from the vena cava to the arteries, second the blood under the influence of the arterial pulse enters and is impelled in an equable stream through every part and member of the body, in much larger quantity than were sufficient for nutrition, third, the veins in like manner return this blood incessantly to the heart from parts and members of the body.
The blood circulates, revolves, propelled and the nreturning, from the heart to the extremities, from the extremities to the heart, and perform a kind of circular motion.
How much less the heart will hold in the contracted than in the dilated state:
How much blood it will project into the aorta upon each contraction
In the course of half an hour the heart will have made mothe than 1,000 beats,
The quantity of blood transfused in the circuit of the blood depends to the temperament, age, of the individual, to external and internal circumstances, to naturals and non naturals, sleeps, rest, food, exercise, affection of the mind.
The blood circulates, revolves, propelled and the nreturning, from the heart to the extremities, from the extremities to the heart, and perform a kind of circular motion.
How much less the heart will hold in the contracted than in the dilated state:
How much blood it will project into the aorta upon each contraction
In the course of half an hour the heart will have made mothe than 1,000 beats,
The quantity of blood transfused in the circuit of the blood depends to the temperament, age, of the individual, to external and internal circumstances, to naturals and non naturals, sleeps, rest, food, exercise, affection of the mind.
Chapter 10
Matter of necessity that the blood perform a circuit
Extinction from deficiency, and suffocation from excess
Extinction from deficiency, and suffocation from excess
Chapter 11
Blood enters a limb by the arteries, and returns from it by the veins,
Arteries are the vessels carrying the blood from the heart, and the veins the returning channels of the blood to the heart., that in the limbs and extreme parts of the body the blood passes either immediately by anastomosis from the arteries into the veins, or mediately by the porosities of the flesh, or in both ways,.
Ligatures the principle suppress or occasion hemorrhage
The veins being compressed nothing can flow through them,
Ligature prevents the return of the blood through the veins to the parts above it, and maintains those beneath it in a state of permanent distension.
The difference between the tight and the medium ligature, that the former not only prevents the passage of the blood in the veins, but in the arteries also, the latter, however, whilst it does not prevent the force of the pulse from extending beyond it, and so propelling the blood to the extremities of the body, compresses the veins, and greatly or altogether impedes the return of the blood through them
Blood passes from arteries to veins.
The pressure of the bandage prevents the blood from gettering there by the veins. It occurs because the preternatural attraction and swelling below the bangage, and in the hand and fingers, that the blood is entering abundantly, with force, but cannot pass out again.
Gorged:
Timefied:
By being filled and distended they are made capable of projecting their charge with force, and to a distance, when any one of them is suddenly punctured.
Arteries are the vessels carrying the blood from the heart, and the veins the returning channels of the blood to the heart., that in the limbs and extreme parts of the body the blood passes either immediately by anastomosis from the arteries into the veins, or mediately by the porosities of the flesh, or in both ways,.
Ligatures the principle suppress or occasion hemorrhage
The veins being compressed nothing can flow through them,
Ligature prevents the return of the blood through the veins to the parts above it, and maintains those beneath it in a state of permanent distension.
The difference between the tight and the medium ligature, that the former not only prevents the passage of the blood in the veins, but in the arteries also, the latter, however, whilst it does not prevent the force of the pulse from extending beyond it, and so propelling the blood to the extremities of the body, compresses the veins, and greatly or altogether impedes the return of the blood through them
Blood passes from arteries to veins.
The pressure of the bandage prevents the blood from gettering there by the veins. It occurs because the preternatural attraction and swelling below the bangage, and in the hand and fingers, that the blood is entering abundantly, with force, but cannot pass out again.
Gorged:
Timefied:
By being filled and distended they are made capable of projecting their charge with force, and to a distance, when any one of them is suddenly punctured.
Chapter 12
The force and motion of the blood are derived from the heart alone
The arteries receive blood from the left ventricle of the heart
Phlebotomy
The arteries receive blood from the left ventricle of the heart
Phlebotomy
Chapter 13
In what manner the blood finds its way back to the heart from the extremities by the veins?
How and in what way these are the only vessels that convey the blood from the external to the central parts.
Three fundamental propositions
Uses of the valves, and from experiments cognizable by the senses
Jacobus: raised or loose portions of the inner membranes of these evessels, of extreme delicacy, and a sigmoid or semilunar shape.
The effect of this arrangement plainly is to prevent all motion of the blood from the heart and vena cava, up towards head, down toward feet, side of the arms, not a drop can pass, all motion of the blood, from larger towards smaller vein is opposed and resisted by them.
The blood from the veins proceed from inferior or more remote parts, and towards the heart, moving in these vessels in this and not in the contrary direction.
Valve serve to prevent the passage of the blood from the centre.
They are the free and open conduits of the blood returning to the heart, so are they effectually prevented from serving as its channels of distribution from the heart.
How and in what way these are the only vessels that convey the blood from the external to the central parts.
Three fundamental propositions
Uses of the valves, and from experiments cognizable by the senses
Jacobus: raised or loose portions of the inner membranes of these evessels, of extreme delicacy, and a sigmoid or semilunar shape.
The effect of this arrangement plainly is to prevent all motion of the blood from the heart and vena cava, up towards head, down toward feet, side of the arms, not a drop can pass, all motion of the blood, from larger towards smaller vein is opposed and resisted by them.
The blood from the veins proceed from inferior or more remote parts, and towards the heart, moving in these vessels in this and not in the contrary direction.
Valve serve to prevent the passage of the blood from the centre.
They are the free and open conduits of the blood returning to the heart, so are they effectually prevented from serving as its channels of distribution from the heart.
Chapter 14
Blood passes through lungs, and heart by the force of the ventricles, and is sent for destribution to all parts of the body, it makes its way through the veins and porosities of the flesh, and then flows by the veins from the circumference on every side to the centre from the lesser to the greater veins, and is by them finally discharged into the vena cava and right auricle of the heart,
The blood in the animal body is impelled in a circle, in a state of ceaseless motion, act or function which the heart performs by means of its pulse, its this the only end of the motion and contraction of the heart.
The blood in the animal body is impelled in a circle, in a state of ceaseless motion, act or function which the heart performs by means of its pulse, its this the only end of the motion and contraction of the heart.
Chapter 15
Circulation is a matter of convenience and necessity
Blood without motion becomes congealed.
Blood returning to the heart should be renovated and restored
When the source is corrupted there is nothing
For every affection of the mind that is attender with either pain or pleasure, hope or fear, the cause of an agitation whose influence extend to the heart, and there induces change from the natural constitution, in the tempereature, the pulse and the rest, which impairing all nutrition in its source and abating the powers at large, it is no wonder that various forms of incurable disease in the extremities and in the trunk are the consequence, inasmuch as in such circumstances the whole body labours under the effects of vitiated nutrition and a want of native heat.
The heart is the only organ in the body which contains blood for the general use, all the others receive it merely for their peculiar or private advantage
The situation of the heart allows it to distribute certain amount of blod to arteries depending on their size and capability of holding blood
The blood requires both force and impelling power from the heart to distribute it.
Blood without motion becomes congealed.
Blood returning to the heart should be renovated and restored
When the source is corrupted there is nothing
For every affection of the mind that is attender with either pain or pleasure, hope or fear, the cause of an agitation whose influence extend to the heart, and there induces change from the natural constitution, in the tempereature, the pulse and the rest, which impairing all nutrition in its source and abating the powers at large, it is no wonder that various forms of incurable disease in the extremities and in the trunk are the consequence, inasmuch as in such circumstances the whole body labours under the effects of vitiated nutrition and a want of native heat.
The heart is the only organ in the body which contains blood for the general use, all the others receive it merely for their peculiar or private advantage
The situation of the heart allows it to distribute certain amount of blod to arteries depending on their size and capability of holding blood
The blood requires both force and impelling power from the heart to distribute it.
Chapter 16
Whence it appears the contagion impressed upon or deposited in a particular part, is by and by carried by the returning current of blood to the heart, and by that organ is sent to contaminate the whole body
Chyle
Liver is one of the organs that is last formed.
Use of spleen
Splenic branch
How does the cruder juices don’t get mixed up with blood?
Are deposit in the splenic branch, and tempered by the admixture of contraries, diluting with warm blood they are brought to the porta of the liver in a state of higher preparation.
Chyle
Liver is one of the organs that is last formed.
Use of spleen
Splenic branch
How does the cruder juices don’t get mixed up with blood?
Are deposit in the splenic branch, and tempered by the admixture of contraries, diluting with warm blood they are brought to the porta of the liver in a state of higher preparation.
Chapter 17
Zoophytes have no heart, animal are the coldest, for which they have bodies which are connate and homogeneous without limbs, so by the contraction of and relaxation of their whole body they assume and expel, move and remove the aliment. The whole animal is a heart,
Animals that have lungs have two ventricles, one left and right if it has a right it has a left, but not the other way around. The left ventricle distributes the blood to the body at large, not to the lungs only
Left ventricle are both stronger and more numerous, more fleshy and muscular because it requires to be stronger, the blood which I t propels has to be driven thorugh the whole body.
Tricuspid valves, lest the blood when most forcibly impelled should flow back
Muscle. Action is the same, so is its functions, to contract and move something else, in this case the charge of the blood
All the fibres in the parieties and septum are circular, and so it comes to pass that when all the fibres contract simultaneously, the apex of the cone is pulled towards its base by the columns, the walls are drawn circularly together into a globe, whole heart contracted, ventricles narrowed.
The heart existed before the body, the heart is the source and foundation from which all power is derived, on which all power depends in the animal body
The pulse of the arteries is derived from the impulse of the blood
Artery differs so much from a vein because it sustains the shock of the impelling heart and streaming blood.
The nearer the arteries are to the heart, the more do they differ from the veins in structure this is because the more remote the vessels are from the heart, with so much the less force are they distended by the stroke of the heart, which is broken by the great distance at which is given
When blood escapes with force comes from the arteries. Smaller arteries does not pulsate.
The aorta sustains a more powerful shock from the left than the pulmonary artery does from the right ventricle,.
Storehouse, the heart and the lungs. The blood is incessantly passing from one side of the heart to the other through the lungs
Pulmonary artery has so large orifice because it transports much more blood than is requisite for the nutrition of the lungs
Animals that have lungs have two ventricles, one left and right if it has a right it has a left, but not the other way around. The left ventricle distributes the blood to the body at large, not to the lungs only
Left ventricle are both stronger and more numerous, more fleshy and muscular because it requires to be stronger, the blood which I t propels has to be driven thorugh the whole body.
Tricuspid valves, lest the blood when most forcibly impelled should flow back
Muscle. Action is the same, so is its functions, to contract and move something else, in this case the charge of the blood
All the fibres in the parieties and septum are circular, and so it comes to pass that when all the fibres contract simultaneously, the apex of the cone is pulled towards its base by the columns, the walls are drawn circularly together into a globe, whole heart contracted, ventricles narrowed.
The heart existed before the body, the heart is the source and foundation from which all power is derived, on which all power depends in the animal body
The pulse of the arteries is derived from the impulse of the blood
Artery differs so much from a vein because it sustains the shock of the impelling heart and streaming blood.
The nearer the arteries are to the heart, the more do they differ from the veins in structure this is because the more remote the vessels are from the heart, with so much the less force are they distended by the stroke of the heart, which is broken by the great distance at which is given
When blood escapes with force comes from the arteries. Smaller arteries does not pulsate.
The aorta sustains a more powerful shock from the left than the pulmonary artery does from the right ventricle,.
Storehouse, the heart and the lungs. The blood is incessantly passing from one side of the heart to the other through the lungs
Pulmonary artery has so large orifice because it transports much more blood than is requisite for the nutrition of the lungs